Umar
![Calligraphic seal featuring Umar's name, on display in the [[Hagia Sophia]], Istanbul](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Hagia_Sopia_6163502494_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Umar initially opposed Muhammad, his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later son-in-law. Following his conversion to Islam in 616, he became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. Umar participated in almost all battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed the title ''al-Fārūq'' upon him, for his judgements. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr () as the first caliph and served as the closest adviser to the latter until August 634, when the dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.
Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship. Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.
Umar is generally viewed by historians to be one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. He is revered in the Sunni Islamic tradition as a great just ruler and paragon of Islamic virtues, and some hadiths identify him as the second greatest of the Sahabah after Abu Bakr. However, he is viewed negatively in the Twelver Shia tradition. Provided by Wikipedia
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Published 1990
Other Authors:
“...Umar Junus, 1934-....”
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Published 2006
Other Authors:
“...Ilyas Mohammad Umar....”
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746
by Busrawi, Ali ibn Yusuf, 1438 or 9-1499 or 1500.
Published 2000
Other Authors:
“...Shajarawi, 'Azzam 'Umar....”Published 2000
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747
by Suyuti, Jalal al-Din 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, 1445-1505.
Published 1996
Other Authors:
“...Hashim, Ahmad 'Umar....”Published 1996
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757
by Ibn Faris al-Qazwini, 10th cent.
Published 1993
Other Authors:
“...al-Tabba', 'Umar Faruq....”Published 1993
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758
Other Authors:
“...al-Tabba', 'Umar Faruq....”
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759
Published 2011
Other Authors:
“...Da'san, 'Umar Mahmud....”
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760
Published 2011
Other Authors:
“...Radin Umar Radin Sohadi....”
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