Umar
![Calligraphic seal featuring Umar's name, on display in the [[Hagia Sophia]], Istanbul](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Hagia_Sopia_6163502494_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Umar initially opposed Muhammad, his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later son-in-law. Following his conversion to Islam in 616, he became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. Umar participated in almost all battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed the title ''al-Fārūq'' upon him, for his judgements. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr () as the first caliph and served as the closest adviser to the latter until August 634, when the dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.
Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship. Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.
Umar is generally viewed by historians to be one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. He is revered in the Sunni Islamic tradition as a great just ruler and paragon of Islamic virtues, and some hadiths identify him as the second greatest of the Sahabah after Abu Bakr. However, he is viewed negatively in the Twelver Shia tradition. Provided by Wikipedia
761
by Sam'ani, 'Abd al-Karim ibn Muhammad, 1113-1166.
Published 1988
Other Authors:
“...al-Barudi, 'Abd Allah 'Umar....”Published 1988
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762
Published 1991
Other Authors:
“...Umar Junus,...”
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763
764
by al-Ghunaimi, Abdul Akhir Hammad.
Published 1999
Other Authors:
“...al-Medani, Abu Umar Basyir....”Published 1999
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765
by Raghib al-Asfahani, Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Muhammad, d. 1108 or 9.
Published 1998
Other Authors:
“...Sarisi, 'Umar 'Abd al-Rahman....”Published 1998
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766
767
768
Published 2009
Other Authors:
“...Moghul, Umar F....”
Book
769
770
by Syathi, 'Aisyah Abdurrahman Bintusy.
Published 1984
Other Authors:
“...Umar, M. Ali Chasan....”Published 1984
Book
771
Published 1992
Other Authors:
“...Umar Junus, 1934-....”
Book
772
by 'Abd al-Latif, Muhammad Hamasah.
Published 2005
Other Authors:
“...'Umar, Ahmad Mukhtar....”Published 2005
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773
Published 2008
Other Authors:
“...Umar, Shahid...”
Book
774
by Kura' al-Naml, 'Ali ibn al-Hasan, d.922?
Published 2000
Other Authors:
“...'Umar, Ahmad Mukhtar....”Published 2000
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775
776
777
778
779
Published 2007
Other Authors:
“...Radin Umar Radin Sohadi....”
Book
780
by al-Jawziyah, Ibn Qayyim.
Published 1998
Other Authors:
“...Thayib, Ainul Haris Umar Arifin....”Published 1998
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