TY  - THES
TY  - BOOK
T1  - Production of omega-3 enriched chevon through diets supplemented with oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) fronds
A1  - Mahdi Ebrahimi.
LA  - English
UL  - http://discoverylib.upm.edu.my/discovery/Record/317330
AB  - An investigation was carried out to determine the effects of feeding diets supplemented with oil palm fronds (OPF) on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and the fatty acid profiles of the plasma and edible tissues (longissimus dorsi, bicep femoris, infraspinatus muscles, liver and kidneys) of Kacang crossbred goats.  Twenty-four five-month old Kacang crossbred male goats were individually housed and fed for 100 d with concentrate diets supplemented with oil palm (Elaeis guneensis) frond pellets, namely the CON (100 % commercial concentrate), HAF (75 % commercial concentrate + 25 % OPF, w/w) or OPF (50 % commercial concentrate + 50 % OPF, w/w).  The diets were adjusted to be isocaloric (CON 4.27; HAF 4.19; OPF 4.38 kcal/kg) and isonitrogenous (CON 16.50; HAF 17.45; OPF 17.22 %) using soybean meal and palm oil.  The animals (8 per treatment group) were weighed and blood sampled by jugular venipuncture into EDTA coated tubes at the beginning of the trial and monthly thereafter until slaughter.  Rumen fluid was sampled at slaughter for pH, volatile fatty acid and microbial (protozoal population) determinations.  The average daily gain (ADG) for all the experimental groups were similar (P>0.05).  The slaughter weights of the CON (28.68 ± 1.23 Kg) and HAF (29.00 ± 1.31 Kg) animals were slightly higher than the OPF animals (27.52 ± 1.22 Kg).  There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the HAF and CON animals with regards to their meat characteristics, traits and qualities including warm carcass weight, chilled carcass weight, dressing percentage, meat pH, back fat thickness, rib eye area marbling score, total meat, total bone and total fat.  However, there was a significant decrease  (P<0.05) in the warm carcass weights, dressing percentage, back fat thickness and total meat in the OPF animals compared with the CON animals.  The fatty acid profiles of the diets, plasma and tissues of the goat were determined using standard extraction, methylation and gas-liquid chromatographic procedures.  The fatty acid concentrations were determined using both normalized percentage (%) to the total fatty acids in the sample and gravimetric calculation, expressed as mg/100 mL for liquid samples and mg/100g for solid samples.  Both the omega-3 fatty acids and UFA in the plasma of the OPF animals increased significantly (P<0.05) from the second month of the trial until slaughter.  At slaughter, the omega-3 fatty acids in the plasma and edible tissues including the liver, kidneys, longissimus dorsi, bicep femoris and infraspinatus were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the OPF animals compared with the CON animals.  When expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids, the saturated fatty acids (SFA) were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the OPF compared to the CON animals.  The omega-3 and UFA status of the plasma and tissues from the HAF animals were always midway between the values of the CON and OPF groups.  The n-6: n-3 ratios in all the edible tissues of the OPF animals which ranged between of 11.6 to 64.7 were always lower than the range of 13.5 – 183.4 for the CON animals.  The pH of the rumen fluid at slaughter was always in the order of OPF (5.90) > HAF (5.74) > CON (5.62).  The rumen volatile fatty acids were significantly different (P<0.05) between groups.  The molar proportions of acetate were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the OPF animals (61.54 ±  0.54 mol/100mL) compared to HAF (56.36 ± 0.94 mol/100mL) and CON (53.88 ± 0.77 mol/100mL) animals.  There was a non-significant (P>0.05) increase in the rumen protozoal population of entodiniomorphs and holotrichs in both the OPF and HAF animals.  The altered status in the rumen environment had resulted in the highest (P<0.05) amount of UFA occurring in the rumen of the OPF animals.  These results were suggestive of a decreased biohydrogenation in the rumen resulting in higher levels of the UFA made available for ruminal absorption and hence their increased incorporation in the plasma and edible tissues of the OPF animals.  The potential health benefits of the modified chevon were assessed employing the rat as a bioindicator.  Fifty individually housed male Sprague-Dawley rats aged between four to five months were fed either meat pellets prepared from the carcasses of the CON, HAF and OPF chevon or fed a standard rat chow (CONTROL) for 12 wk.  The OPF meat pellets increased the rat plasma HDL-Cholesterol significantly (P<0.05) by about 21% over those fed with standard rat chow, without significant (P>0.05) changes in the LDL-Cholesterol.  In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of concentrate diets with OPF was successful in increasing the omega-3 and UFA content of the chevon without adversely affecting the growth performance of the goats and most of the characteristics, traits and qualities of the chevon.  The increased omega-3 and UFA content in the rumen fluid, goat plasma and chevon was suggestive of a decreased biohydrogenation in the rumen as a result of the chages in the ruminal environment which included changes in pH and VFA concentration as well as the increase in protozoal population.  The chevon from the OPF group of animals which increased significantly (P<0.05) the ‘good’ HDL-Cholesterol by about 21% in the plasma of the rat, which was employed as a bioindicator, demonstrated potential health benefits if applicable to the human situation.
CN  - FPV 2009 8
ER  -