Physical treatments to enhance nutritive value of palm kernel expeller in finisher diet for broilers
Annual importation of livestock feed in Malaysia amounting to RM11bil, with corn and soybeans accounted for the bulk of the imported feed costs. Depending on the price of ingredients, by weight, corn makes up 60-65% and soybean 26-32% of the poultry feed in finisher diet. Thus, Malaysia has to...
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| Autor Principal: | |
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| Formato: | Thesis |
| Idioma: | English |
| Publicado: |
2020
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| Subjects: | |
| Acceso en liña: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/98810/1/IPTSM%202021%203%20UPMIR.pdf |
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| Summary: | Annual importation of livestock feed in Malaysia amounting to RM11bil, with
corn and soybeans accounted for the bulk of the imported feed costs.
Depending on the price of ingredients, by weight, corn makes up 60-65% and
soybean 26-32% of the poultry feed in finisher diet. Thus, Malaysia has to cut
back on the importation of poultry feed ingredients, particularly corn and
soybean, to ensure long term sustainability of the industry. Higher usage of
palm kernel expeller (PKE) in poultry feed could reduce the country
dependency on imported feed. Effort to use PKE as feed component in broilers
has been constrained by its high fiber content. Biological treatments are the
most common methods used to improve the nutritive value of PKE but they
achieved limited success. Physical treatments which have been proven to be
effective in enhancing the nutritive value of other feed ingredients, but not well
tested in PKE, is the theme of this thesis.
Several physical treatments; including grinding, sieving and extrusion, were
evaluated for their effects on chemical composition, particularly crude fiber (CF)
reduction, and alteration of hydration properties of PKE. From the results, both
extrusion and sieving (but not grinding) significantly (p<0.05) reduced CF by
1.3 and 1.2 folds, respectively, as compared to the untreated PKE. Also,
extrusion significantly (p<0.05) increased total reducing sugar, soluble protein
and starch contents by 5, 1 and 8.5 times, respectively, as compared to the
control; while sieving resulted in no increase (p>0.05) in reducing sugar, 1.5
folds increment in soluble protein, however, sieving increased (p<0.05) swelling
capacity, and water retention capacity by 1.3 and 1.2 folds, respectively. In the second experiment, 64 male Cobb 500 chicks were used to determine
the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), protein and amino acid digestibility
of the sieved and extruded PKE prepared according to the protocols of the first
experiment. Results showed that extrusion significantly (p<0.05) increased the
AME of PKE from 13.21 to 14.04 MJ/kg, while sieving has no effect on AME of
PKE. Both, extrusion and sieving significantly (p<0.05) enhanced protein
digestibility by 1.32 and 1.39 folds, respectively.
The primary objective of the feeding trial was to compare the production
parameters of broiler fed increasing levels (10, 20 and 30%) of untreated and
extruded PKE to determine the maximum inclusion level of PKE in the finisher
diet. The trial focused on finisher-diet phase in which diets were formulated to
contain up to 30% PKE. Changes in the intestinal morphology and nutrient
assimilation in the intestine using the expressions of transporter genes were
also monitored. Results showed that birds fed 30% extruded PKE (30EPKE)
sustained similar weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) while
those fed 30% untreated PKE (30PKE) had poorer WG and FCR (p<0.05) as
compared to those fed 10% PKE. The above result indicated that extruded
PKE (30EPKE) can be included up to 30% in finisher broiler diet. The better
WG and FCR of birds fed 30EPKE (p<0.05) over 30PKE were accompanied by
up-regulation (p<0.05) of sugar (GLUT2, SGLT5) and amino acid (PepT1 and
EAAT3) transporters in the former group. Increased villus height and crypt
depth (p<0.05) were observed in birds fed high (30%) PKE and mainly at the
jejunum and ileum sections. Feeding up to 30% PKE (extruded or untreated)
did not significantly (p>0.05) altered the accumulation of minerals in the liver as
there is no changes on the liver and kidney morphology. This indicated that the
health and wellbeing of the birds were not compromised. It is concluded that
extruded PKE can be included up to 30% in finisher-diet to sustain the normal
growth and FCR without affecting the overall health and wellbeing in broilers. |
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