I. A. Richards

Ivor Armstrong Richards CH (26 February 1893 – 7 September 1979), known as I. A. Richards, was an English educator, literary critic, poet, and rhetorician. His work contributed to the foundations of New Criticism, a formalist movement in literary theory which emphasized the close reading of a literary text, especially poetry, in an effort to discover how a work of literature functions as a self-contained and self-referential æsthetic object.

Richards' intellectual contributions to the establishment of the literary methodology of New Criticism are presented in the books ''The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism'' (1923), by C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards, ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73827 Principles of Literary Criticism]'' (1924), ''Practical Criticism'' (1929), and ''The Philosophy of Rhetoric'' (1936). Provided by Wikipedia