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Relationship between psychosocial risk and protective factors with substance use among middle adolescents in Iran

Multivariate research designs in recent years have focused on inhibitions and disinhibitions of substance use as a global behavior and a multi-dimensional phenomenon with various origins in intrapersonal and interpersonal areas, as well as, in human ecological systems. Adolescent substance use, a...

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Main Author: Hajjaran, Mahmoud
Format: Thesis
Language:English
Published: 2015
Online Access:http://ethesis.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/14680/1/FEM%202015%2037%20Thesis.pdf
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description Multivariate research designs in recent years have focused on inhibitions and disinhibitions of substance use as a global behavior and a multi-dimensional phenomenon with various origins in intrapersonal and interpersonal areas, as well as, in human ecological systems. Adolescent substance use, among other risk behaviors pertinent to this critical developmental stage within the life cycle, is initiated by an experiment with substances as a widespread and potentially hazardous activity which may be followed by an increased risk for future recreational or regular use all with adverse psychological and social consequences. Within a cross-sectional research design, and by applying the technique of questionnaire completion, the present study aimed to determine the relationships between concurrent psychosocial risk and protective factors and the substance use among boy and girl middle adolescents in Iran. Furthermore, the study investigated relations between self-report measures and extent to which the psychosocial variables could predict membership of participants in two main groups of substance users and non-users and in light, moderate, and heavy user sub-groups, as well as, to compare these variables in current and ex-users. Past researchers have indicated some of those variables related to teenage substance use in isolation. This work attempted to study the collective influences of these variables, as their concomitant actions were concerned, while considered priority of each in predicting changes in the criterion variable. Psychosocial variables were grouped as risk factors and protective factors according to their power of discriminating substance use or nonuse. Although this was an exploratory study, a list of criteria served to determine statistically based grouping of sample. Research participants comprised of 594 boy (342) and girl (252) middle adolescents aged 14 to 17 who were high-school students residing in twelve cities in Iran. These were enrolled in by the sampling method of purposive and were assessed with a test battery consisting of Risk and Protective Factors Questionnaire for Grade 6-12 (Pride Surveys, 1983-2014), Attitudes to Drug Use Questionnaire (Pride Surveys, 1983-2014), Brief Symptoms Inventory-BSI-(Derogatis, 1983), Mediating Variables Questionnaire-MVQ-(Kenny, Hansen, McNeal, 1994), Zuckerman-Kuhlman Questionnaire-ZKPQ-(2002, 1993), and Adolescent Substance Use Scale (Pride Surveys, 1983-2014). All these measures were translated into Persian language, and the translation and back-translation process by two experts found a considerable agreement score, while some items within the BSI, MVQ, and RPFs were modified to adapt them with the study goals and to reduce the time for questionnaire completion. Except for two independent variables among others, correlations between sixteen psychosocial variables and criterion variable showed significant. The psychological risk and protective factors, (i.e., antisocial attitudes and behaviors, emotional problems, sensation seeking personality attributes, positive attitudes to substance use, and the use-refusal self-efficacy) demonstrated to have relationships with adolescent substance use. The social independent variables (i.e., positive social based attitudes to substance use, family risk factors of lax-parenting and neglected monitoring, peer risk factors of gang membership and substance use, school-related risks such as academic disengagement and community/neighborhood risks such as neighborhood detachment) showed connections with adolescent substance use. All these variables were distinctive enough to be entered into Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) equations. Running DFAs aimed to predict: 1) group membership of light, medium, and intense substance users and non-users; 2) group membership of a medium to severe substance users and previous users. Two classifications showed set of variables with valid, accurate and correct grouping of participants. Additionally, post hoc DFA showed good tabulations in predicting power of substance use both within and between groups. Finally, a preparatory regression model was derived by the means of which the whole psychological and social risk and protective factors could be explored, and six out of these significantly showed to explain the variances in the group responses to psychosocial independent variables. The findings of study indicated the sufficiency of psychosocial risk and protective factors, from a theoretical point of view, for explaining the inhibition and disinhibition of substance use among the Iranian high-school students at middle age of adolescence. The psychological versus social discriminators had powerful influences on responses to substance use. It was concluded that despite the precedence of discrimination of risk and protective factors over prediction of various amounts of substance use, these variations encouraged manipulations implied by related theories into significant changes in occasions and amounts of the use. This provided empirical evidence for involved theories, and a hypothetical-psychosocial profile for the present situation of middle adolescence substance use to fill a gap in domestic literature. Both the primary and the secondary prevention programs can be helpful in substance use stop and psycho-education to maintain the mental health and the risk-free behaviors among the adolescents.
format Thesis
author Hajjaran, Mahmoud
spellingShingle Hajjaran, Mahmoud
Relationship between psychosocial risk and protective factors with substance use among middle adolescents in Iran
author_facet Hajjaran, Mahmoud
author_sort Hajjaran, Mahmoud
title Relationship between psychosocial risk and protective factors with substance use among middle adolescents in Iran
title_short Relationship between psychosocial risk and protective factors with substance use among middle adolescents in Iran
title_full Relationship between psychosocial risk and protective factors with substance use among middle adolescents in Iran
title_fullStr Relationship between psychosocial risk and protective factors with substance use among middle adolescents in Iran
title_full_unstemmed Relationship between psychosocial risk and protective factors with substance use among middle adolescents in Iran
title_sort relationship between psychosocial risk and protective factors with substance use among middle adolescents in iran
publishDate 2015
url http://ethesis.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/14680/1/FEM%202015%2037%20Thesis.pdf
_version_ 1819311582008573952
spelling oai:ethesis.upm.edu.my:14680 http://ethesis.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/14680/ Relationship between psychosocial risk and protective factors with substance use among middle adolescents in Iran Hajjaran, Mahmoud Multivariate research designs in recent years have focused on inhibitions and disinhibitions of substance use as a global behavior and a multi-dimensional phenomenon with various origins in intrapersonal and interpersonal areas, as well as, in human ecological systems. Adolescent substance use, among other risk behaviors pertinent to this critical developmental stage within the life cycle, is initiated by an experiment with substances as a widespread and potentially hazardous activity which may be followed by an increased risk for future recreational or regular use all with adverse psychological and social consequences. Within a cross-sectional research design, and by applying the technique of questionnaire completion, the present study aimed to determine the relationships between concurrent psychosocial risk and protective factors and the substance use among boy and girl middle adolescents in Iran. Furthermore, the study investigated relations between self-report measures and extent to which the psychosocial variables could predict membership of participants in two main groups of substance users and non-users and in light, moderate, and heavy user sub-groups, as well as, to compare these variables in current and ex-users. Past researchers have indicated some of those variables related to teenage substance use in isolation. This work attempted to study the collective influences of these variables, as their concomitant actions were concerned, while considered priority of each in predicting changes in the criterion variable. Psychosocial variables were grouped as risk factors and protective factors according to their power of discriminating substance use or nonuse. Although this was an exploratory study, a list of criteria served to determine statistically based grouping of sample. Research participants comprised of 594 boy (342) and girl (252) middle adolescents aged 14 to 17 who were high-school students residing in twelve cities in Iran. These were enrolled in by the sampling method of purposive and were assessed with a test battery consisting of Risk and Protective Factors Questionnaire for Grade 6-12 (Pride Surveys, 1983-2014), Attitudes to Drug Use Questionnaire (Pride Surveys, 1983-2014), Brief Symptoms Inventory-BSI-(Derogatis, 1983), Mediating Variables Questionnaire-MVQ-(Kenny, Hansen, McNeal, 1994), Zuckerman-Kuhlman Questionnaire-ZKPQ-(2002, 1993), and Adolescent Substance Use Scale (Pride Surveys, 1983-2014). All these measures were translated into Persian language, and the translation and back-translation process by two experts found a considerable agreement score, while some items within the BSI, MVQ, and RPFs were modified to adapt them with the study goals and to reduce the time for questionnaire completion. Except for two independent variables among others, correlations between sixteen psychosocial variables and criterion variable showed significant. The psychological risk and protective factors, (i.e., antisocial attitudes and behaviors, emotional problems, sensation seeking personality attributes, positive attitudes to substance use, and the use-refusal self-efficacy) demonstrated to have relationships with adolescent substance use. The social independent variables (i.e., positive social based attitudes to substance use, family risk factors of lax-parenting and neglected monitoring, peer risk factors of gang membership and substance use, school-related risks such as academic disengagement and community/neighborhood risks such as neighborhood detachment) showed connections with adolescent substance use. All these variables were distinctive enough to be entered into Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) equations. Running DFAs aimed to predict: 1) group membership of light, medium, and intense substance users and non-users; 2) group membership of a medium to severe substance users and previous users. Two classifications showed set of variables with valid, accurate and correct grouping of participants. Additionally, post hoc DFA showed good tabulations in predicting power of substance use both within and between groups. Finally, a preparatory regression model was derived by the means of which the whole psychological and social risk and protective factors could be explored, and six out of these significantly showed to explain the variances in the group responses to psychosocial independent variables. The findings of study indicated the sufficiency of psychosocial risk and protective factors, from a theoretical point of view, for explaining the inhibition and disinhibition of substance use among the Iranian high-school students at middle age of adolescence. The psychological versus social discriminators had powerful influences on responses to substance use. It was concluded that despite the precedence of discrimination of risk and protective factors over prediction of various amounts of substance use, these variations encouraged manipulations implied by related theories into significant changes in occasions and amounts of the use. This provided empirical evidence for involved theories, and a hypothetical-psychosocial profile for the present situation of middle adolescence substance use to fill a gap in domestic literature. Both the primary and the secondary prevention programs can be helpful in substance use stop and psycho-education to maintain the mental health and the risk-free behaviors among the adolescents. 2015-11 Thesis NonPeerReviewed text en http://ethesis.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/14680/1/FEM%202015%2037%20Thesis.pdf Hajjaran, Mahmoud (2015) Relationship between psychosocial risk and protective factors with substance use among middle adolescents in Iran. Doctoral thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. (FEM 2015 37).
score 13.4562235

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