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Seasonal variation in aflatoxins levels in edible seeds, estimation of its dietary intake and vitamin E levels from Southern Areas of Punjab, Pakistan

A total of 779 samples of edible nuts (melon seeds, watermelon seeds, pumpkin seeds, and cantaloupe seeds) from Southern Punjab (Pakistan), were collected during the summer and the winter seasons. The natural occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and vitamin E (tocopherols) levels were investigated using H...

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Main Authors: Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal, Shehzad, Muhammed Muzammel, Usman, Sunusi, Basheir Ali, Nada, Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar, Naheed, Nadia, Asi, Muhammad Rafique
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יצא לאור: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2020
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id oai:psasir.upm.edu.my:87541
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spelling oai:psasir.upm.edu.my:87541 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/87541/ Seasonal variation in aflatoxins levels in edible seeds, estimation of its dietary intake and vitamin E levels from Southern Areas of Punjab, Pakistan Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal Shehzad, Muhammed Muzammel Usman, Sunusi Basheir Ali, Nada Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar Naheed, Nadia Asi, Muhammad Rafique A total of 779 samples of edible nuts (melon seeds, watermelon seeds, pumpkin seeds, and cantaloupe seeds) from Southern Punjab (Pakistan), were collected during the summer and the winter seasons. The natural occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and vitamin E (tocopherols) levels were investigated using HPLC. The results have shown that 180 (43.4%) of samples from the winter season and 122 (33.4%) samples from the summer season were found positive for AFs. Elevated average levels of total AFs (20.9 ± 3.10 μg/kg, dry weight) were observed in watermelon seeds without shell, and the lowest average amount (15.9 ± 3.60 μg/kg) were documented in melon seeds without shell samples from the winter season. An elevated average amount of total AFs 17.3 ± 1.50 μg/kg was found in pumpkin seeds available without a shell. The results have documented a significant difference in total AFs levels in edible seeds available with shells versus without shells (α = 0.05 & 0.01). The highest dietary intake of 6.30 μg/kg/day was found in female individuals from consuming pumpkin seeds (without shell) in the winter season. A value of 3.00 μg/kg/day was found in pumpkin seed without shell in the summer season in female individuals. The highest total tocopherol levels were 22.2 ± 7.70 ng/100 g in pumpkin seeds samples from the winter season and 14.5 ± 5.50 mg/100 g in melon seed samples from the summer season. The variation of total tocopherol levels in edible seeds among the winter and summer seasons showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.0054), except watermelon seeds samples with non-significant differences (p ≥ 0.183). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2020-12-02 Article PeerReviewed Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal and Shehzad, Muhammed Muzammel and Usman, Sunusi and Basheir Ali, Nada and Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar and Naheed, Nadia and Asi, Muhammad Rafique (2020) Seasonal variation in aflatoxins levels in edible seeds, estimation of its dietary intake and vitamin E levels from Southern Areas of Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (23). pp. 1-14. ISSN 1660-4601 https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/23/8964 10.3390/ijerph17238964
institution UPM IR
collection UPM IR
description A total of 779 samples of edible nuts (melon seeds, watermelon seeds, pumpkin seeds, and cantaloupe seeds) from Southern Punjab (Pakistan), were collected during the summer and the winter seasons. The natural occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and vitamin E (tocopherols) levels were investigated using HPLC. The results have shown that 180 (43.4%) of samples from the winter season and 122 (33.4%) samples from the summer season were found positive for AFs. Elevated average levels of total AFs (20.9 ± 3.10 μg/kg, dry weight) were observed in watermelon seeds without shell, and the lowest average amount (15.9 ± 3.60 μg/kg) were documented in melon seeds without shell samples from the winter season. An elevated average amount of total AFs 17.3 ± 1.50 μg/kg was found in pumpkin seeds available without a shell. The results have documented a significant difference in total AFs levels in edible seeds available with shells versus without shells (α = 0.05 & 0.01). The highest dietary intake of 6.30 μg/kg/day was found in female individuals from consuming pumpkin seeds (without shell) in the winter season. A value of 3.00 μg/kg/day was found in pumpkin seed without shell in the summer season in female individuals. The highest total tocopherol levels were 22.2 ± 7.70 ng/100 g in pumpkin seeds samples from the winter season and 14.5 ± 5.50 mg/100 g in melon seed samples from the summer season. The variation of total tocopherol levels in edible seeds among the winter and summer seasons showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.0054), except watermelon seeds samples with non-significant differences (p ≥ 0.183).
format Article
author Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal
Shehzad, Muhammed Muzammel
Usman, Sunusi
Basheir Ali, Nada
Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar
Naheed, Nadia
Asi, Muhammad Rafique
spellingShingle Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal
Shehzad, Muhammed Muzammel
Usman, Sunusi
Basheir Ali, Nada
Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar
Naheed, Nadia
Asi, Muhammad Rafique
Seasonal variation in aflatoxins levels in edible seeds, estimation of its dietary intake and vitamin E levels from Southern Areas of Punjab, Pakistan
author_facet Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal
Shehzad, Muhammed Muzammel
Usman, Sunusi
Basheir Ali, Nada
Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar
Naheed, Nadia
Asi, Muhammad Rafique
author_sort Abdull Razis, Ahmad Faizal
title Seasonal variation in aflatoxins levels in edible seeds, estimation of its dietary intake and vitamin E levels from Southern Areas of Punjab, Pakistan
title_short Seasonal variation in aflatoxins levels in edible seeds, estimation of its dietary intake and vitamin E levels from Southern Areas of Punjab, Pakistan
title_full Seasonal variation in aflatoxins levels in edible seeds, estimation of its dietary intake and vitamin E levels from Southern Areas of Punjab, Pakistan
title_fullStr Seasonal variation in aflatoxins levels in edible seeds, estimation of its dietary intake and vitamin E levels from Southern Areas of Punjab, Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed Seasonal variation in aflatoxins levels in edible seeds, estimation of its dietary intake and vitamin E levels from Southern Areas of Punjab, Pakistan
title_sort seasonal variation in aflatoxins levels in edible seeds, estimation of its dietary intake and vitamin e levels from southern areas of punjab, pakistan
publisher Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
publishDate 2020
_version_ 1819300199034519552
score 13.4562235

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